| Measuring range (strain sensors) | -1,500 to 1,500 µε |
| Electrical connection | Fischer KE 102 neg. |
| Operating temperature range | 0 to 50 °C |
Strain sensors
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| Sensitivity (strain sensors) | 6 pC/µε |
| Measurement range | Adjusted to special measuring range FSA according to customer specification (on request) |
| Measuring range (strain sensors) | -300 to 300 µε |
| Measuring range (strain sensors) | -20 to 20 µε |
| Measurement range | Adjustment according to customer specification (on request) |
| More functions/options | Yes (optional, not yet available) |
| Electrical connection | Connection KIAG 10-32 neg. |
| More functions/options | Yes (optional, currently not available) |
| Measuring range (strain sensors) | -600 to 600 µε |
| Electrical connection | KIAG 10-32 neg. |
| Calibrated measuring range | 0 - 300 µe |
| Sensitivity (strain sensors) | -15 pC/µε |
| Measuring range (strain sensors) | 0 to 500 µε |
| Electrical connection | Cable, KIAG 10-32 pos., specify cable length in order KIAG 10-32 Pos., specify cable length in order |
| Sensitivity (strain sensors) | -6 pC/µε |
| Measuring range (strain sensors) | -300 to 300 µε |
| Electrical connection | KIAG 10-32 neg. |
| Sensitivity (strain sensors) | -6 pC/µε |
| Measuring range (strain sensors) | -50 to 50 µε |
| Electrical connection | KIAG 10-32 neg. |
| Cable length | 3 m |
| Electrical connection | Cable, KIAG M4 pos. |
| Applications | Electrical industry Mechanical engineering & Plant construction Metal industry Semiconductor industry |
| Length | 89 mm |
| Width | 250 mm |
| Depth/height | 10 mm |
| Applications | Electrical industry Mechanical engineering & Plant construction Metal industry Semiconductor industry |
| Length | 89 mm |
| Width | 250 mm |
| Depth/height | 10 mm |
| Nominal length change (±) | 2.5 mm |
| Accuracy FS (±) | 0.1 % |
| Bridge resistance | 350 Ω |
| Length | 15.2 mm |
| Depth/height | 1.8 mm |
| Housing material | Titanium |
| Accuracy FS (±) | 0.3 % |
| Bridge resistance | 350 Ω |
| Nominal parameter | 1 mV/V |
| Applications | Railways & Rail Transport |
| Bridge resistance | 350 Ω |
| Nominal strain | 0.1 to 1,000 µm/m |
| Measurement type | Expansion Compression |
| Bridge resistance | 175 Ω |
| Nominal strain | 0.1 to 1,000 µm/m |
| Bridge types | Full bridge |
| Accuracy FS (±) | 0.3 % |
| Nominal strain | 0 to 360 µm/m |
| Measurement type | Expansion |
| Accuracy FS (±) | 0.5 % |
| Nominal strain | -100 to 100 µm/m |
| Measurement type | Expansion |
| Accuracy FS (±) | 0.3 % |
| Nominal strain | 0 to 440 µm/m |
| Measurement type | Expansion |
| Accuracy FS (±) | 0.3 % |
| Nominal parameter | 40 mV/V |
| Nominal strain | -300 to 360 µm/m |
Strain sensors are used to measure strain and deformation in materials. These sensors can be used in many different applications, including materials testing, component monitoring, machine diagnostics and medicine.
There are several types of strain sensors, including strain gauges, optical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and mechanical sensors. The choice of sensor depends on the type of material, the type of strain and the accuracy of the measurement.
Strain gauges are the most commonly used strain sensors. They consist of a thin, flexible metal strip that is bonded or applied to a surface. Stretching or deformation of the material causes a change in the electrical resistance of the strain gauge, which can be measured and converted into strain.
Optical strain sensors measure strain by observing the change in refraction of light, while ultrasonic sensors measure strain by measuring the time taken for ultrasonic waves to travel through the material. Mechanical strain sensors measure strain by loading a spring or by observing deformation in a specially designed mechanism.
The choice of strain sensor depends on the specific requirements of the application, including accuracy, sensitivity and type of measurement. Most strain sensors offer high accuracy and sensitivity, allowing accurate measurement of deformation and strain in materials.
Strain sensors are used in many applications including aerospace, automotive, medical, machine diagnostics and many others. They provide accurate measurement of deformation and strain in materials and can help improve safety, reliability and efficiency.
There are several types of strain sensors, including strain gauges, optical sensors, ultrasonic sensors and mechanical sensors. The choice of sensor depends on the type of material, the type of strain and the accuracy of the measurement.
Strain gauges are the most commonly used strain sensors. They consist of a thin, flexible metal strip that is bonded or applied to a surface. Stretching or deformation of the material causes a change in the electrical resistance of the strain gauge, which can be measured and converted into strain.
Optical strain sensors measure strain by observing the change in refraction of light, while ultrasonic sensors measure strain by measuring the time taken for ultrasonic waves to travel through the material. Mechanical strain sensors measure strain by loading a spring or by observing deformation in a specially designed mechanism.
The choice of strain sensor depends on the specific requirements of the application, including accuracy, sensitivity and type of measurement. Most strain sensors offer high accuracy and sensitivity, allowing accurate measurement of deformation and strain in materials.
Strain sensors are used in many applications including aerospace, automotive, medical, machine diagnostics and many others. They provide accurate measurement of deformation and strain in materials and can help improve safety, reliability and efficiency.
What are strain sensors and what are they used for?
Strain sensors are electronic components that are used to measure the change in length or elongation of an object. They are usually made of a thin, flexible material that changes when stretched, thereby modifying its electrical attributes.
Strain sensors are used in a variety of applications, particularly in measurement and automation technology. They can be used to measure the load, tension, pressure, position or movement of an object. Some typical applications are
1. Weight measurement: Strain sensors can be used in scales and load cells to measure the weight of objects.
2. Construction: In the construction industry, strain sensors are used to monitor the load and deformation of structures such as bridges, buildings and tunnels.
3. Automotive: In vehicles, strain sensors can be used to monitor the load on components such as brakes, tires or suspension.
4. Medical applications: Strain sensors can be used in medical devices such as prostheses, orthopaedic devices or artificial organs to measure the movement or stretching of tissue.
5. Robotics: In robotics, strain sensors are used to measure the movement and position of robot arms or joints.
6. Security: Strain sensors can be used in safety systems to monitor the load or deformation of structures and indicate potential hazards.
Strain sensors are versatile and precise measuring instruments that can be used in a variety of industries and applications to detect and monitor physical changes.
Strain sensors are used in a variety of applications, particularly in measurement and automation technology. They can be used to measure the load, tension, pressure, position or movement of an object. Some typical applications are
1. Weight measurement: Strain sensors can be used in scales and load cells to measure the weight of objects.
2. Construction: In the construction industry, strain sensors are used to monitor the load and deformation of structures such as bridges, buildings and tunnels.
3. Automotive: In vehicles, strain sensors can be used to monitor the load on components such as brakes, tires or suspension.
4. Medical applications: Strain sensors can be used in medical devices such as prostheses, orthopaedic devices or artificial organs to measure the movement or stretching of tissue.
5. Robotics: In robotics, strain sensors are used to measure the movement and position of robot arms or joints.
6. Security: Strain sensors can be used in safety systems to monitor the load or deformation of structures and indicate potential hazards.
Strain sensors are versatile and precise measuring instruments that can be used in a variety of industries and applications to detect and monitor physical changes.
How do strain sensors work and what types are there?
Strain sensors are sensors that are used to measure the deformation or elongation of an object. They are based on the principle that the electrical resistance of a material changes when it is stretched or compressed.
There are different types of strain sensors, including:
1. Strain gauge: This is the most common type of strain sensor. A strain gauge consists of a conductive material that is applied to a flexible, non-conductive substrate. If the strain gauge is stretched or compressed, the electrical resistance changes and the change can be measured.
2. Capacitive strain sensors: These sensors are based on the change in capacitance between two electrodes when the material stretches or compresses. The change in capacitance is measured and can be converted into elongation.
3. Optical strain sensors: These sensors use light to measure the deformation. A light source is directed onto the material and the change in reflected or transmitted light intensity is measured. The change in light intensity can be converted into a strain.
4. Ultrasonic strain sensors: These sensors use ultrasonic waves to measure the deformation. The ultrasonic waves are sent into the material and the transit time of the waves is measured. The change in the running time can be converted into an elongation.
Strain sensors are used in various applications, such as material testing, construction, medical technology and the automotive industry. They are important for monitoring and analyzing the load and deformation of materials and structures.
There are different types of strain sensors, including:
1. Strain gauge: This is the most common type of strain sensor. A strain gauge consists of a conductive material that is applied to a flexible, non-conductive substrate. If the strain gauge is stretched or compressed, the electrical resistance changes and the change can be measured.
2. Capacitive strain sensors: These sensors are based on the change in capacitance between two electrodes when the material stretches or compresses. The change in capacitance is measured and can be converted into elongation.
3. Optical strain sensors: These sensors use light to measure the deformation. A light source is directed onto the material and the change in reflected or transmitted light intensity is measured. The change in light intensity can be converted into a strain.
4. Ultrasonic strain sensors: These sensors use ultrasonic waves to measure the deformation. The ultrasonic waves are sent into the material and the transit time of the waves is measured. The change in the running time can be converted into an elongation.
Strain sensors are used in various applications, such as material testing, construction, medical technology and the automotive industry. They are important for monitoring and analyzing the load and deformation of materials and structures.
What materials are used in the manufacture of strain sensors?
Various materials are used in the manufacture of strain sensors, depending on the area of application and the desired functionality. Some of the commonly used materials are:
1. Metals: Metallic strain sensors are often made from special alloys such as constantan or brass. These materials have high elasticity and good electrical conductivity, which makes them suitable for use in strain sensors.
2. Semiconductor: Semiconductor materials such as silicon are used in strain sensors to measure the change in electrical resistance. These sensors are often used in microelectronics because they are small, inexpensive and easy to integrate.
3. Polymer films: Flexible polymer films such as polyurethane or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) can be used as strain sensors. These films change their electrical or mechanical attributes when stretched, which can be used to measure strain.
4. Carbon fibers: Carbon fibers can be used in the form of carbon nanotubes or carbon fiber composites for the production of strain sensors. These materials have high strength and rigidity, which makes them particularly suitable for use in structural strain sensors.
5. Optical fibers: Optical strain sensors are based on the change in the refractive indices in optical fibers. These sensors are often used in measurement technology to measure very small strains or deformations.
There are other materials that can be used depending on requirements and applications. The choice of material depends on factors such as accuracy, sensitivity, temperature resistance and cost.
1. Metals: Metallic strain sensors are often made from special alloys such as constantan or brass. These materials have high elasticity and good electrical conductivity, which makes them suitable for use in strain sensors.
2. Semiconductor: Semiconductor materials such as silicon are used in strain sensors to measure the change in electrical resistance. These sensors are often used in microelectronics because they are small, inexpensive and easy to integrate.
3. Polymer films: Flexible polymer films such as polyurethane or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) can be used as strain sensors. These films change their electrical or mechanical attributes when stretched, which can be used to measure strain.
4. Carbon fibers: Carbon fibers can be used in the form of carbon nanotubes or carbon fiber composites for the production of strain sensors. These materials have high strength and rigidity, which makes them particularly suitable for use in structural strain sensors.
5. Optical fibers: Optical strain sensors are based on the change in the refractive indices in optical fibers. These sensors are often used in measurement technology to measure very small strains or deformations.
There are other materials that can be used depending on requirements and applications. The choice of material depends on factors such as accuracy, sensitivity, temperature resistance and cost.
How accurate and precise are strain sensors when measuring strain?
Strain sensors are generally very precise and accurate when measuring strain. They are based on the principle that the electrical attributes of certain materials change when they are stretched. This effect is known as the piezoresistive effect.
The accuracy of the measurement depends on various factors, such as the quality of the sensor, the application and the ambient conditions. As a rule, high-quality strain sensors have an accuracy of around 0.1% to 0.5% of the measured strain.
To ensure accurate and precise measurement, it is important that the sensor is installed and calibrated correctly. Interference factors such as temperature fluctuations and vibrations must also be taken into account.
Overall, however, strain sensors are a reliable method of measuring strain and are used in many industrial applications, such as material testing, structural analysis and mechanical engineering.
The accuracy of the measurement depends on various factors, such as the quality of the sensor, the application and the ambient conditions. As a rule, high-quality strain sensors have an accuracy of around 0.1% to 0.5% of the measured strain.
To ensure accurate and precise measurement, it is important that the sensor is installed and calibrated correctly. Interference factors such as temperature fluctuations and vibrations must also be taken into account.
Overall, however, strain sensors are a reliable method of measuring strain and are used in many industrial applications, such as material testing, structural analysis and mechanical engineering.
What areas of application do strain sensors have in industry?
Strain sensors are used in industry in various areas of application. Here are some examples:
1. Load monitoring: Strain sensors are used to monitor the load on structures such as bridges, buildings, pipelines and machines. This makes it possible to identify potential overloads or structural problems at an early stage and take appropriate measures.
2. Quality assurance: Strain sensors can be used in production to monitor the quality of products. For example, they can be used to measure the elongation of materials during the manufacturing process and ensure that the products meet the specified requirements.
3. Force measurement: Strain sensors are often used to measure the force exerted on a structure or component. This can be useful in various applications, for example in material testing, robotics or the monitoring of lifting and conveyor systems.
4. Process monitoring: Strain sensors can be used in industrial processes to measure parameters such as pressure, tensile force, bending moment or vibration. This information can be used to optimize the process, improve safety or identify maintenance requirements at an early stage.
5. Medical technology: In medical technology, strain sensors are used in various applications, such as monitoring body movements or measuring force in medical devices.
6. Vehicle technology: Strain sensors are also used in vehicle technology, for example to monitor the load on components, to measure vehicle deformation in crash tests or to record strain in sensors for brakes or the steering system.
These areas of application are just a few examples, and the use of strain sensors in industry is diverse and depends on the specific requirements and areas of application.
1. Load monitoring: Strain sensors are used to monitor the load on structures such as bridges, buildings, pipelines and machines. This makes it possible to identify potential overloads or structural problems at an early stage and take appropriate measures.
2. Quality assurance: Strain sensors can be used in production to monitor the quality of products. For example, they can be used to measure the elongation of materials during the manufacturing process and ensure that the products meet the specified requirements.
3. Force measurement: Strain sensors are often used to measure the force exerted on a structure or component. This can be useful in various applications, for example in material testing, robotics or the monitoring of lifting and conveyor systems.
4. Process monitoring: Strain sensors can be used in industrial processes to measure parameters such as pressure, tensile force, bending moment or vibration. This information can be used to optimize the process, improve safety or identify maintenance requirements at an early stage.
5. Medical technology: In medical technology, strain sensors are used in various applications, such as monitoring body movements or measuring force in medical devices.
6. Vehicle technology: Strain sensors are also used in vehicle technology, for example to monitor the load on components, to measure vehicle deformation in crash tests or to record strain in sensors for brakes or the steering system.
These areas of application are just a few examples, and the use of strain sensors in industry is diverse and depends on the specific requirements and areas of application.
How are strain sensors calibrated and how long do they remain accurate?
Strain sensors are normally calibrated using a calibration procedure to ensure their accuracy. This method typically involves applying known loads or strains to the sensor and simultaneously measuring the output signals. The measured values are then compared with the actual loads or strains to create the sensor's calibration curve.
The accuracy of strain sensors can vary over time. Factors such as ageing, environmental influences, mechanical stress and temperature fluctuations can lead to a reduction in accuracy. To maintain accuracy, it is important to check the sensor regularly and recalibrate it if necessary. The frequency of calibration depends on the application and the exact requirements. In some cases an annual calibration may be sufficient, while in other cases a more frequent check may be necessary. It is important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations and maintain the sensor according to the requirements of the application.
The accuracy of strain sensors can vary over time. Factors such as ageing, environmental influences, mechanical stress and temperature fluctuations can lead to a reduction in accuracy. To maintain accuracy, it is important to check the sensor regularly and recalibrate it if necessary. The frequency of calibration depends on the application and the exact requirements. In some cases an annual calibration may be sufficient, while in other cases a more frequent check may be necessary. It is important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations and maintain the sensor according to the requirements of the application.
What advantages do strain sensors offer compared to other sensors for measuring strain?
Strain sensors offer several advantages compared to other sensors for measuring strain:
1. High accuracy: Strain sensors provide precise measurement results and can measure strains with great accuracy. This is particularly important in applications where small strains need to be measured.
2. High sensitivity: Strain sensors are very sensitive and can detect even the slightest changes in strain. This allows them to measure even very small deformations or loads.
3. Good linearity: Strain sensors generally have a high degree of linearity, i.e. they measure changes in strain proportional to the applied load. This makes them well suited for many applications where precise linear measurement is required.
4. Wide range of applications: Strain sensors can be used in various applications, such as material testing, component monitoring, structural monitoring or medical diagnostics. They are versatile and can be adapted to different requirements.
5. Simple installation: Strain sensors are generally easy to install and do not require complex fixtures or adjustments. This means they can be quickly and easily integrated into various systems.
6. Long-term stability: Strain sensors are generally stable and can provide reliable measurement results over a long period of time. They are robust and can also be used under adverse conditions.
Overall, strain sensors offer a precise, sensitive and versatile way of measuring strain, which means they can be used in many different applications.
1. High accuracy: Strain sensors provide precise measurement results and can measure strains with great accuracy. This is particularly important in applications where small strains need to be measured.
2. High sensitivity: Strain sensors are very sensitive and can detect even the slightest changes in strain. This allows them to measure even very small deformations or loads.
3. Good linearity: Strain sensors generally have a high degree of linearity, i.e. they measure changes in strain proportional to the applied load. This makes them well suited for many applications where precise linear measurement is required.
4. Wide range of applications: Strain sensors can be used in various applications, such as material testing, component monitoring, structural monitoring or medical diagnostics. They are versatile and can be adapted to different requirements.
5. Simple installation: Strain sensors are generally easy to install and do not require complex fixtures or adjustments. This means they can be quickly and easily integrated into various systems.
6. Long-term stability: Strain sensors are generally stable and can provide reliable measurement results over a long period of time. They are robust and can also be used under adverse conditions.
Overall, strain sensors offer a precise, sensitive and versatile way of measuring strain, which means they can be used in many different applications.
What are the challenges of using strain sensors and how can they be overcome?
There are several challenges when using strain sensors, including:
1. Accuracy: Strain sensors must provide precise measurements to ensure reliable data. Inaccuracies can be minimized by calibrating the sensors and careful installation.
2. Temperature dependence: The measurements of strain sensors can be influenced by temperature fluctuations. This can be minimized by using temperature-compensated sensors or by compensating the measured values using temperature sensors.
3. Long-term stability: Strain sensors can change their attributes over time, which can lead to inaccurate measurements. Regular inspection and calibration of the sensors can solve this problem.
4. Mechanical load: Strain sensors can be damaged by external influences such as vibrations, shocks or mechanical loads. A suitable protective device and a robust design can extend the service life of the sensors.
5. Electrical interference: Electromagnetic interference can affect the accuracy of the measurements. Suitable shielding and interference suppression techniques can minimize this problem.
6. Integration into the system: Integrating strain sensors into the overall system can be a challenge, especially when it comes to evaluating the measurement data and communicating with other components. Careful planning and the selection of suitable interfaces can help to solve this problem.
Through a combination of technical solutions, such as calibration, temperature compensation and protection devices, as well as careful planning and integration into the overall system, the challenges of using strain sensors can be overcome.
1. Accuracy: Strain sensors must provide precise measurements to ensure reliable data. Inaccuracies can be minimized by calibrating the sensors and careful installation.
2. Temperature dependence: The measurements of strain sensors can be influenced by temperature fluctuations. This can be minimized by using temperature-compensated sensors or by compensating the measured values using temperature sensors.
3. Long-term stability: Strain sensors can change their attributes over time, which can lead to inaccurate measurements. Regular inspection and calibration of the sensors can solve this problem.
4. Mechanical load: Strain sensors can be damaged by external influences such as vibrations, shocks or mechanical loads. A suitable protective device and a robust design can extend the service life of the sensors.
5. Electrical interference: Electromagnetic interference can affect the accuracy of the measurements. Suitable shielding and interference suppression techniques can minimize this problem.
6. Integration into the system: Integrating strain sensors into the overall system can be a challenge, especially when it comes to evaluating the measurement data and communicating with other components. Careful planning and the selection of suitable interfaces can help to solve this problem.
Through a combination of technical solutions, such as calibration, temperature compensation and protection devices, as well as careful planning and integration into the overall system, the challenges of using strain sensors can be overcome.