| Seal material | EPDM, VMQ, NBR |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Type | Flange connection (ISO 16873) |
Pressure switches / pressure sensors
A pressure switch is an electronic device used to monitor the pressure of gases or liquids in industrial applications. A pressure switch is used to monitor the pressure of a medium and trigger an alarm or send a signal to a controller when a certain limit is reached.
A typical pressure switch consists of a switching element that is sensitive to pressure and a microswitch that actuates the switching element when the pressure reaches the preset limit. The microswitch then sends a signal to a control or alarm device.
There are different types of switching elements that can be used in pressure switches, such as a diaphragm or piston, which move under the influence of pressure and actuate the microswitch.
The accuracy and sensitivity of a pressure switch depends on various factors such as the size and type of the switching element, the sensitivity of the microswitch and the accuracy of the signal processing. Some pressure switches have high sensitivity and accuracy, but are sensitive to noise and vibration. Other switches are more robust and stable, but have lower resolution and sensitivity. The choice of pressure switch depends on the application and the requirements for accuracy and stability of the measurement.
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A typical pressure switch consists of a switching element that is sensitive to pressure and a microswitch that actuates the switching element when the pressure reaches the preset limit. The microswitch then sends a signal to a control or alarm device.
There are different types of switching elements that can be used in pressure switches, such as a diaphragm or piston, which move under the influence of pressure and actuate the microswitch.
The accuracy and sensitivity of a pressure switch depends on various factors such as the size and type of the switching element, the sensitivity of the microswitch and the accuracy of the signal processing. Some pressure switches have high sensitivity and accuracy, but are sensitive to noise and vibration. Other switches are more robust and stable, but have lower resolution and sensitivity. The choice of pressure switch depends on the application and the requirements for accuracy and stability of the measurement.
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| Seal material | EPDM, VMQ, NBR |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Type | Flange connection (ISO 16873) |
| Seal material | EPDM, VMQ, NBR |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Type | Flange connection (ISO 16873) |
| Seal material | EPDM, VMQ, NBR |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Type | Panel structure |
| Seal material | EPDM, VMQ, NBR |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Type | Flange connection (ISO 16873) |
| Seal material | EPDM, VMQ, NBR |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Type | Pipe installation |
| Seal material | EPDM, VMQ, NBR |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Type | Flange connection (ISO 16873) |
| Seal material | EPDM, VMQ, NBR |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Type | Flange connection (ISO 16873) |
| Measurement range/adjustment range | -14 to 0 bar |
| Switching point SP | 0.15 to 2.61 psi |
| Housing material | Brass |
| Pressure range | 0 to 630 bar |
| Sensor type | Electronic pressure switch |
| Switching output | 2 switching outputs |
| System pressure/ process pressure max. (bar) | 50 bar |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Process connection | Flange connection |
| System pressure/ process pressure max. (bar) | 50 bar |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Seal material | FKM |
| System pressure/ process pressure max. (bar) | 100 bar |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Process connection | Flange connection |
| System pressure/ process pressure max. (bar) | 350 bar |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Process connection | Flange connection |
| System pressure/ process pressure max. (bar) | 50 bar |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Process connection | Flange connection |
| System pressure/ process pressure max. (bar) | 200 bar |
| Sensor type | Piston pressure switch |
| Process connection | Flange connection |
| Measurement range/adjustment range | -14 to 0 bar |
| Switching point SP | 0.15 to 2.61 psi |
| Process connection | 1/4" NPT |
| Measurement range/adjustment range | -14 to 0 bar |
| Switching point SP | 0.15 to 2.61 psi |
| Housing material | Brass |
| Measurement range/adjustment range | -101 to 101 kPa |
| Signal output | NPN 1 output |
| Interfaces | RS485 |
| Measurement range/adjustment range | -0.1 to 1 MPa |
| More functions/options | Without bracket |
| Process connection | R1/8 |
Pressure sensors monitor an adjusted set point. If this adjusted setpoint is exceeded or undershot, a digital switching signal is output.
Electronic pressure switches/pressure monitors are also available which additionally output the measured pressure as an analog signal. Electronic pressure switches/pressure monitors are also offered with integrated display. Thus, the pressure values can be read directly.
Pressure measurement types/pressure types
Absolute pressure sensors:
Absolute pressure measures the pressure compared to a vacuum in a reference chamber of the sensor. The pressure in this chamber is lower than the atmospheric pressure occurring on Earth, i.e. about 300 mbar. The lower the vacuum reference pressure, the higher the possible measurement accuracy. This type of measurement does not take into account the air pressure. Absolute pressure sensors are used, for example, for air pressure measurements in meteorology (barometers) and for altimeters.
Differential pressure sensors
The differential pressure sensor has two pressure ports P1 and P2. The difference between two system pressures, pressure P1 and P2, is measured.
Relative pressure sensors:
For relative pressure measurements, the difference to the ambient pressure is measured. The zero point of the relative pressure sensor is the ambient pressure. In order to avoid influences caused by fluctuations in compressed air, the sensor has an opening through which the atmospheric pressure surrounding it is applied and thus compensates for fluctuations in the compressed air of the atmosphere. If the pressure applied to the relative pressure sensor is greater than the ambient pressure, this pressure is called overpressure. If the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, it is called negative pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is also called gravity pressure, gravitational pressure, ground pressure or gravitational pressure. This hydrostatic pressure is generated by the weight force of the liquid column. This pressure type is defined only for liquids at rest. The hydrostatic pressure is independent of the shape of the container and the amount of fluid. It depends only on the height of the fluid column and the fluid density.
Positive overpressure (gauge pressure)
The pressure present is greater than the atmospheric pressure.
Negative overpressure (negative pressure)
The applied pressure is lower than the ambient atmospheric pressure.
Pressure sensors monitor an adjusted set point. If this adjusted setpoint is exceeded or undershot, a digital switching signal is output.
Electronic pressure switches/pressure monitors are also available which additionally output the measured pressure as an analog signal. Electronic pressure switches/pressure monitors are also offered with integrated display. Thus, the pressure values can be read directly.
Pressure measurement types/pressure types
Absolute pressure sensors:
Absolute pressure measures the pressure compared to a vacuum in a reference chamber of the sensor. The pressure in this chamber is lower than the atmospheric pressure occurring on Earth, i.e. about 300 mbar. The lower the vacuum reference pressure, the higher the possible measurement accuracy. This type of measurement does not take into account the air pressure. Absolute pressure sensors are used, for example, for air pressure measurements in meteorology (barometers) and for altimeters.
Differential pressure sensors
The differential pressure sensor has two pressure ports P1 and P2. The difference between two system pressures, pressure P1 and P2, is measured.
Relative pressure sensors:
For relative pressure measurements, the difference to the ambient pressure is measured. The zero point of the relative pressure sensor is the ambient pressure. In order to avoid influences caused by fluctuations in compressed air, the sensor has an opening through which the atmospheric pressure surrounding it is applied and thus compensates for fluctuations in the compressed air of the atmosphere. If the pressure applied to the relative pressure sensor is greater than the ambient pressure, this pressure is called overpressure. If the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, it is called negative pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is also called gravity pressure, gravitational pressure, ground pressure or gravitational pressure. This hydrostatic pressure is generated by the weight force of the liquid column. This pressure type is defined only for liquids at rest. The hydrostatic pressure is independent of the shape of the container and the amount of fluid. It depends only on the height of the fluid column and the fluid density.
Positive overpressure (gauge pressure)
The pressure present is greater than the atmospheric pressure.
Negative overpressure (negative pressure)
The applied pressure is lower than the ambient atmospheric pressure.
Electronic pressure switches/pressure monitors are also available which additionally output the measured pressure as an analog signal. Electronic pressure switches/pressure monitors are also offered with integrated display. Thus, the pressure values can be read directly.
Pressure measurement types/pressure types
Absolute pressure sensors:
Absolute pressure measures the pressure compared to a vacuum in a reference chamber of the sensor. The pressure in this chamber is lower than the atmospheric pressure occurring on Earth, i.e. about 300 mbar. The lower the vacuum reference pressure, the higher the possible measurement accuracy. This type of measurement does not take into account the air pressure. Absolute pressure sensors are used, for example, for air pressure measurements in meteorology (barometers) and for altimeters.
Differential pressure sensors
The differential pressure sensor has two pressure ports P1 and P2. The difference between two system pressures, pressure P1 and P2, is measured.
Relative pressure sensors:
For relative pressure measurements, the difference to the ambient pressure is measured. The zero point of the relative pressure sensor is the ambient pressure. In order to avoid influences caused by fluctuations in compressed air, the sensor has an opening through which the atmospheric pressure surrounding it is applied and thus compensates for fluctuations in the compressed air of the atmosphere. If the pressure applied to the relative pressure sensor is greater than the ambient pressure, this pressure is called overpressure. If the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, it is called negative pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is also called gravity pressure, gravitational pressure, ground pressure or gravitational pressure. This hydrostatic pressure is generated by the weight force of the liquid column. This pressure type is defined only for liquids at rest. The hydrostatic pressure is independent of the shape of the container and the amount of fluid. It depends only on the height of the fluid column and the fluid density.
Positive overpressure (gauge pressure)
The pressure present is greater than the atmospheric pressure.
Negative overpressure (negative pressure)
The applied pressure is lower than the ambient atmospheric pressure.
Pressure sensors monitor an adjusted set point. If this adjusted setpoint is exceeded or undershot, a digital switching signal is output.
Electronic pressure switches/pressure monitors are also available which additionally output the measured pressure as an analog signal. Electronic pressure switches/pressure monitors are also offered with integrated display. Thus, the pressure values can be read directly.
Pressure measurement types/pressure types
Absolute pressure sensors:
Absolute pressure measures the pressure compared to a vacuum in a reference chamber of the sensor. The pressure in this chamber is lower than the atmospheric pressure occurring on Earth, i.e. about 300 mbar. The lower the vacuum reference pressure, the higher the possible measurement accuracy. This type of measurement does not take into account the air pressure. Absolute pressure sensors are used, for example, for air pressure measurements in meteorology (barometers) and for altimeters.
Differential pressure sensors
The differential pressure sensor has two pressure ports P1 and P2. The difference between two system pressures, pressure P1 and P2, is measured.
Relative pressure sensors:
For relative pressure measurements, the difference to the ambient pressure is measured. The zero point of the relative pressure sensor is the ambient pressure. In order to avoid influences caused by fluctuations in compressed air, the sensor has an opening through which the atmospheric pressure surrounding it is applied and thus compensates for fluctuations in the compressed air of the atmosphere. If the pressure applied to the relative pressure sensor is greater than the ambient pressure, this pressure is called overpressure. If the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, it is called negative pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is also called gravity pressure, gravitational pressure, ground pressure or gravitational pressure. This hydrostatic pressure is generated by the weight force of the liquid column. This pressure type is defined only for liquids at rest. The hydrostatic pressure is independent of the shape of the container and the amount of fluid. It depends only on the height of the fluid column and the fluid density.
Positive overpressure (gauge pressure)
The pressure present is greater than the atmospheric pressure.
Negative overpressure (negative pressure)
The applied pressure is lower than the ambient atmospheric pressure.
What is a pressure switch and how does it work?
A pressure switch is an electrical switch that is activated or deactivated by applying or removing pressure. It is often used in various applications to trigger certain actions when a certain pressure is reached.
A typical pressure switch consists of a switching mechanism that reacts to the applied pressure and an electrical contact that opens or closes depending on the pressure condition.
The switching mechanism normally consists of a diaphragm or a piston that is moved by the applied pressure. When the pressure reaches a certain threshold value, the switching mechanism is activated and the electrical contact opens or closes.
Depending on the application and design, pressure switches can be designed as either normally closed or normally open contacts. With a normally closed contact, the electrical contact is closed when the pressure reaches the threshold value, while with a normally open contact, the contact is opened.
Pressure switches are used in many different areas, such as the automotive industry, aerospace, household appliances and industry. They are used to control the operation of certain functions or systems when a certain pressure is reached.
A typical pressure switch consists of a switching mechanism that reacts to the applied pressure and an electrical contact that opens or closes depending on the pressure condition.
The switching mechanism normally consists of a diaphragm or a piston that is moved by the applied pressure. When the pressure reaches a certain threshold value, the switching mechanism is activated and the electrical contact opens or closes.
Depending on the application and design, pressure switches can be designed as either normally closed or normally open contacts. With a normally closed contact, the electrical contact is closed when the pressure reaches the threshold value, while with a normally open contact, the contact is opened.
Pressure switches are used in many different areas, such as the automotive industry, aerospace, household appliances and industry. They are used to control the operation of certain functions or systems when a certain pressure is reached.
What types of pressure switches are there and what are they used for?
There are different types of pressure switches that are used for different applications. Here are some common types of pressure switches and their uses:
1. Pushbutton switch: These switches are used to close or open an electrical contact when pressure is applied to the switch. They are often used in electronic devices such as computer keyboards, remote controls or control panels.
2. Differential pressure switch: These switches are used to measure the pressure difference between two points and to close or open an electrical contact when a set threshold value is reached. They are used in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to monitor the air flow or the filter condition.
3. Vacuum switch: These switches turn an electrical contact on or off when a certain vacuum pressure is reached. They are used in vacuum systems to monitor the vacuum status and trigger warnings if necessary.
4. Pressure switch for hydraulics and pneumatics: These switches are used in hydraulic and pneumatic systems to monitor the pressure and control the operation of pumps, valves or other components. They can be used in machines and vehicles, for example.
5. Automatic pressure switches: These switches are used to monitor the water pressure in pump systems and automatically switch the pump on or off to maintain the desired pressure. They are used in water supply systems, well pumps or irrigation systems.
6. Oil pressure switch: These switches monitor the oil pressure in engines or hydraulic systems and trigger an electrical contact when a certain threshold value is reached. This allows warnings or shutdowns to be triggered if the oil pressure is too low in order to prevent damage to the machines.
This list is not exhaustive, as there are other types of pressure switches that are used for more specific applications. The exact type of pressure switch depends on the specific requirements of the application in question.
1. Pushbutton switch: These switches are used to close or open an electrical contact when pressure is applied to the switch. They are often used in electronic devices such as computer keyboards, remote controls or control panels.
2. Differential pressure switch: These switches are used to measure the pressure difference between two points and to close or open an electrical contact when a set threshold value is reached. They are used in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to monitor the air flow or the filter condition.
3. Vacuum switch: These switches turn an electrical contact on or off when a certain vacuum pressure is reached. They are used in vacuum systems to monitor the vacuum status and trigger warnings if necessary.
4. Pressure switch for hydraulics and pneumatics: These switches are used in hydraulic and pneumatic systems to monitor the pressure and control the operation of pumps, valves or other components. They can be used in machines and vehicles, for example.
5. Automatic pressure switches: These switches are used to monitor the water pressure in pump systems and automatically switch the pump on or off to maintain the desired pressure. They are used in water supply systems, well pumps or irrigation systems.
6. Oil pressure switch: These switches monitor the oil pressure in engines or hydraulic systems and trigger an electrical contact when a certain threshold value is reached. This allows warnings or shutdowns to be triggered if the oil pressure is too low in order to prevent damage to the machines.
This list is not exhaustive, as there are other types of pressure switches that are used for more specific applications. The exact type of pressure switch depends on the specific requirements of the application in question.
How are pressure switches used in industrial systems?
Pressure switches are used in industrial systems to monitor the pressure in a system and trigger certain actions when a certain threshold value is reached.
They can be used in hydraulic systems, for example, to monitor the pressure in a pipeline network. When the pressure reaches a certain value, the pressure switch can send a signal to switch a pump on or off to bring the pressure to the desired value.
In the process industry, pressure switches are often used to monitor the pressure in containers, tanks or pipelines. If the pressure becomes too high or too low, the pressure switch can send an alarm signal or trigger a safety shutdown to avoid potential hazards.
Pressure switches can also be used in air conditioning systems, compressors, pumps, heating systems and many other industrial applications to monitor and control the pressure in various systems.
They can be used in hydraulic systems, for example, to monitor the pressure in a pipeline network. When the pressure reaches a certain value, the pressure switch can send a signal to switch a pump on or off to bring the pressure to the desired value.
In the process industry, pressure switches are often used to monitor the pressure in containers, tanks or pipelines. If the pressure becomes too high or too low, the pressure switch can send an alarm signal or trigger a safety shutdown to avoid potential hazards.
Pressure switches can also be used in air conditioning systems, compressors, pumps, heating systems and many other industrial applications to monitor and control the pressure in various systems.
What are the advantages of pressure switches compared to other types of switches?
Pressure switches offer several advantages compared to other types of switches:
1. Simple operation: Pressure switches can be easily operated by simply pressing the switch. This makes them particularly easy and intuitive to use.
2. Space saving: Pressure switches generally require less space than other types of switches. This makes them ideal for applications with limited space, such as in electronic devices or control systems.
3. Reliability: Pressure switches are often very robust and durable. They are designed to withstand repeated use and heavy pressure without impairing their function. This makes them reliable and durable.
4. Versatility: Pressure switches are available in different versions and can be used for a wide range of applications. For example, they can be configured as on/off switches, push-button switches or switches with multiple positions.
5. Fast response time: Pressure switches generally have a very short response time, which means that they react quickly to actuation. This is particularly important in applications where a rapid response is required, e.g. in safety-critical systems or in industry.
Overall, pressure switches offer ease of use, space saving, reliability, versatility and fast response time, making them an attractive choice for various applications.
1. Simple operation: Pressure switches can be easily operated by simply pressing the switch. This makes them particularly easy and intuitive to use.
2. Space saving: Pressure switches generally require less space than other types of switches. This makes them ideal for applications with limited space, such as in electronic devices or control systems.
3. Reliability: Pressure switches are often very robust and durable. They are designed to withstand repeated use and heavy pressure without impairing their function. This makes them reliable and durable.
4. Versatility: Pressure switches are available in different versions and can be used for a wide range of applications. For example, they can be configured as on/off switches, push-button switches or switches with multiple positions.
5. Fast response time: Pressure switches generally have a very short response time, which means that they react quickly to actuation. This is particularly important in applications where a rapid response is required, e.g. in safety-critical systems or in industry.
Overall, pressure switches offer ease of use, space saving, reliability, versatility and fast response time, making them an attractive choice for various applications.
How are pressure switches used to monitor pressure levels?
Pressure switches are used to monitor and control pressure levels in various systems. They are generally used in machines and systems to ensure that the pressure remains within a certain range and that no dangerous or undesirable deviations occur.
The exact function of a pressure switch depends on the type of system to be monitored. In general, a pressure monitor consists of a pressure sensor that measures the current pressure and a control unit that evaluates the signal from the sensor and takes appropriate action.
If the measured pressure reaches or exceeds the preset limit value, the pressure monitor can trigger various actions. These include switching off the pump or compressor, opening or closing a valve, triggering an alarm or sending a signal to a higher-level control unit.
Pressure switches are used in many applications, including heating and air conditioning systems, hydraulic and pneumatic systems, compressed air systems, water supply and waste water systems, gas and oil pipelines and industrial manufacturing processes.
The use of pressure switches is important to ensure the safety, efficiency and reliability of systems. They help to prevent potential damage or malfunctions and extend the service life of the systems.
The exact function of a pressure switch depends on the type of system to be monitored. In general, a pressure monitor consists of a pressure sensor that measures the current pressure and a control unit that evaluates the signal from the sensor and takes appropriate action.
If the measured pressure reaches or exceeds the preset limit value, the pressure monitor can trigger various actions. These include switching off the pump or compressor, opening or closing a valve, triggering an alarm or sending a signal to a higher-level control unit.
Pressure switches are used in many applications, including heating and air conditioning systems, hydraulic and pneumatic systems, compressed air systems, water supply and waste water systems, gas and oil pipelines and industrial manufacturing processes.
The use of pressure switches is important to ensure the safety, efficiency and reliability of systems. They help to prevent potential damage or malfunctions and extend the service life of the systems.
What safety functions can pressure switches offer?
Pressure switches can provide various safety functions, including:
1. Emergency stop function: A pressure switch can be used as an emergency stop switch to stop a machine or process immediately in a hazardous situation.
2. Overload protection: A pressure switch can be set so that it switches off when a certain pressure limit is reached in order to prevent damage to an installation or system.
3. Short-circuit protection: Pressure switches can be used in electrical circuits to interrupt the flow of current in the event of a short circuit, thus preventing possible fires or other damage.
4. Temperature monitoring: A pressure switch can also serve as a temperature monitor and switch off when a certain temperature is reached to prevent overheating or damage.
5. Flow control: In some applications, pressure switches can be used to control the flow of liquids or gases to prevent overpressure or underpressure.
6. Leakage detection: Pressure switches can also be used to detect leaks in pipes or containers and trigger alarms to prevent possible damage or environmental pollution.
These safety functions may vary depending on the application and configuration of the pressure switch.
1. Emergency stop function: A pressure switch can be used as an emergency stop switch to stop a machine or process immediately in a hazardous situation.
2. Overload protection: A pressure switch can be set so that it switches off when a certain pressure limit is reached in order to prevent damage to an installation or system.
3. Short-circuit protection: Pressure switches can be used in electrical circuits to interrupt the flow of current in the event of a short circuit, thus preventing possible fires or other damage.
4. Temperature monitoring: A pressure switch can also serve as a temperature monitor and switch off when a certain temperature is reached to prevent overheating or damage.
5. Flow control: In some applications, pressure switches can be used to control the flow of liquids or gases to prevent overpressure or underpressure.
6. Leakage detection: Pressure switches can also be used to detect leaks in pipes or containers and trigger alarms to prevent possible damage or environmental pollution.
These safety functions may vary depending on the application and configuration of the pressure switch.
How are pressure switches calibrated and maintained?
The calibration and maintenance of pressure switches is usually carried out by specialists or specialized service companies.
Calibration involves checking and, if necessary, adjusting the measured values of a pressure switch to ensure that it delivers accurate and reliable results. This is usually done with the help of suitable calibration devices and procedures.
The maintenance of a pressure switch includes various measures to maintain its functionality and service life. This includes, for example, regular cleaning to remove deposits and ensure smooth operation. Wear parts such as seals or valves can also be replaced to ensure optimum performance of the pressure switch.
The exact steps and procedures for calibrating and maintaining pressure switches may vary depending on the manufacturer and model. It is therefore important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and, if necessary, seek the assistance of specialists.
Calibration involves checking and, if necessary, adjusting the measured values of a pressure switch to ensure that it delivers accurate and reliable results. This is usually done with the help of suitable calibration devices and procedures.
The maintenance of a pressure switch includes various measures to maintain its functionality and service life. This includes, for example, regular cleaning to remove deposits and ensure smooth operation. Wear parts such as seals or valves can also be replaced to ensure optimum performance of the pressure switch.
The exact steps and procedures for calibrating and maintaining pressure switches may vary depending on the manufacturer and model. It is therefore important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and, if necessary, seek the assistance of specialists.
What role do pressure switches play in automation technology?
Pressure switches play an important role in automation technology as they are used to detect pressure changes in pneumatic or hydraulic systems. They are often used to monitor the condition of compressed air or fluid lines and to react to changes.
Pressure switches can act as switching outputs and can be used, for example, to trigger an alarm if the pressure exceeds or falls below a certain threshold value. They can also be used to control valves or pumps to regulate the pressure in a system to a specific value.
In addition, pressure switches can also serve as input devices to display the current pressure in a system or to provide users with information about the status of the system. They can be used in various sectors such as the manufacturing industry, food processing, the chemical industry and building automation.
Pressure switches can act as switching outputs and can be used, for example, to trigger an alarm if the pressure exceeds or falls below a certain threshold value. They can also be used to control valves or pumps to regulate the pressure in a system to a specific value.
In addition, pressure switches can also serve as input devices to display the current pressure in a system or to provide users with information about the status of the system. They can be used in various sectors such as the manufacturing industry, food processing, the chemical industry and building automation.